类人猿行动

We are not afraid. Czechoslovakia is not afraid. 看完这部电影我的脑子里一直回荡着基莲的这句捷克口音的台词。

电影是看得我非常紧张的，但是当时基莲(Josef)的这句安慰Jan的台词也让我放松下来。我知道他们会死，我又不忍看他们去死。基莲的声音像是在说Yes, we are going to die. And it’s ok. It's ok.

电影不是很热门，网上也没有找到很多幕后制作的视频。

由于我不熟悉那段历史，所以对我来说电影故事是有悬念的。

我不知道历史上那次刺杀是不是成功了，也不知道主角们是不是全都牺牲了。但是当电影开头两位主角到了小木屋，能够看清基莲的脸的时候，我非常确定这俩人是一定会死了。不是因为刺杀行动很难全身而退，完全是因为基莲的脸，那就是一张插满了flag的烈士脸，仿佛不会笑，绝望又决绝。他不怕死，也不怕杀人。后面争论德军可能会报复的对话中，基莲提到捷克人应该做好牺牲的准备，”that includes my family”，听到这句对白我甚至觉得很奇怪，因为我以为眼神那么冷静又冷漠的人会有一个“全家已经死光了”的背景设定。

可能是为了电影讲故事的需要，两个男主的设定一个成熟稳重，一个有一些成长过程。Josef在刺杀前夜安慰Jan, 帮助他呼吸， 陪他用给手枪一枚枚上子弹的方式恢复冷静。女伴牺牲后Jan反过来安慰Josef。最后战斗时Jan像当时Josef教他那样如出一辙地帮战友恢复冷静。只是这个成长线稍微有点做作，因为变化太快了？

后半部电影的战斗很绝望，大部分电影里的战斗场景都是有可能胜利的，或者是有“坚持等到援军”这么一个目标。但是这部电影里观众和主角们都知道战斗会以主角们的死亡结束。没有援军，没有胜利的可能，他们正在走向死亡。抵抗组织和空降兵们被发现的直接原因是叛徒出卖，但是根据前面的故事背景，就算没有叛徒，也只是个时间问题。布拉格已经封锁了，空降兵们总有被搜捕到的时候，英国和捷克流亡政府一开始就没有给他们做撤退计划，而且空降兵们自己也知道他们拿的是单程票。

几场抵抗组织和空降兵的对话讨论了“为什么要刺杀”。导演提出了这个问题，但是并没有深入地展开。台词里唯一的一句解读是“捷克是否还有反抗的决心？”占领捷克斯洛伐克的德军不会因为一个高官的死亡就败退，一个人死了马上会有其他人补上，下一个人或许会更残忍，而且刺杀还会激起德国的报复。就像抵抗组织的首领说的，“我害怕捷克斯洛伐克被从地图上抹去。”那为什么还要执行这样一项行动？

电影的两位男主，为此付出了生命的人，他们在电影里也没有给出答案（“我们有命令在身“不算是一个解答）。他们是否对此有自己的理解我们不得而知。我希望他们有答案，我希望他们是为了自己的信仰而死。同时我又害怕他们是否会觉得自己死得不值？电影拍得非常悲壮，但是主角们在故事大背景下显得太渺小了。

空降兵们在教堂里得知的任务已经成功了，但是毫无成功的欢愉可言，因为同时他们也得知了德国人会屠杀无辜民众。电影末尾，水流灌进地下室。最后牺牲的段落没有环境音，只留下了配乐。基莲本来就瘦小的身材在湿透的衣服下更显得瘦弱，他抬头看着亮光，像是干净的殉道者。大部分空降兵都是用手枪和毒药自杀而死（可能是史实？），这是他们对自己命运最后的微弱掌控了，那就是决定死亡的方式。

在我的高中阶段，因为抗战胜利60年的风潮，战时将领的故事又被拿出来宣传，诸如蒙哥马利，朱可夫一类战将。当然也不可避免要提到德军的曼施坦因，古德里安，以及当时我还颇为关注的隆美尔。鉴于这三位德军将领似乎都更关注于战场上战略战术的实施，而鲜有屠杀犹太人或者虐待战俘的行为，因而国际声誉都比较正面。尤其是隆美尔，不管丘吉尔是出于什么目的吹捧他，但德国二战的失败似乎只在他身上投上了英雄末路的反影，却没有罪恶血腥的残留。我自认为还看了一两本纳粹德国的历史书，却不知道为何全然漏掉了海德里希的故事。所以在影片开始时，即使明白类人猿任务的意义，我也不知道他们是否能成功。甚至直到Jozef九死一生逃回潜藏地，说“我们失败了”的时候，我真的以为刺杀行动就这样失败了。非常可笑的因为缺乏历史知识，我反而并没有被一个历史剧剧透。 整个剧大致可以分为两部分，关于刺杀行动的谋划和实施，和刺杀之后的浴血一战。前半部是知其不可而为之的命中注定，而后半部分是虽千万人吾往矣的破釜沉舟。全剧整体的情感基调和镜头的色调是一致的，昏黄晦暗，遮天蔽日，唯一鲜亮的颜色只有喷涌出的鲜血和墙上高挂的纳粹旗，也许还有两位美丽女子的唇，剩下的只有铁青。 刺杀行动前侧重于情报的获取，第一个问题就是关于捷克抵抗组织会不会加以援助，“Why don’t you just go ahead and kill Hitler?” asks one of them. “He’s just a few hundred kilometers down the road in a little village called Berlin!”这时候我还是忍不住对这种黑色幽默莞尔一笑。毕竟，我站在现如今的角度，也很难理解为何英国会下达刺杀海德里希的命令，虽说从道德上气势上起到惩恶扬善的意义，其结果却造成了捷克两个村庄被全部屠杀，平民的损失让类人猿行动于我而言更像是个欠缺思考的鲁莽行为。所以即使捷克方面最终也给予了支持，但所有人知道类人猿行动的含义之后都不免感到惊恐，倒不全是对于海德里希的恐惧，恐怕每个人也都猜到了之后的疯狂报复，更何况彼时千钧一发，谁知功败垂成。所以捷克抵抗组织的配合不能不说令人感动，知其不可而为之，不仅仅是Jan 和 Jozef 两个勇士，也是收留他们的家庭，Maria和Lenka两位女战士（后者更加令人钦佩），以及所有的抵抗组织成员（除了叛徒）。他们虽然从抵抗的最初就做好了赴死的觉悟，然而肯为这样一个大胆如赌徒并且自断所有退路的行动献身，这种极端条件下对于人性的叩问又是完全不同的。 统一战线后则侧重于刻画如何获取关于海德里希行动的情报。这部分有两处让我觉得非常惊讶，一是海德里希作为党卫军仅次于希姆莱德高层，却毫不在乎自己的安保工作，另一个是在如此仓促的最后的行动时间窗口，两位勇士居然能一切按计划进行有条不紊，令人觉得冥冥自有天意。哪怕枪在关键时候居然失灵，仅凭一个自制炮弹也能要了海德里希的命。历史是条单行道，回溯时候觉得有千万条岔路的可能，而车轮却义无反顾沿着既定的轨道前行。这就是海德里希和捷克的命运。 刺杀前还有一些必要的铺垫，比如爱情。毕竟两位主演都是美颜，当然要有女伴。一对青年男女漫步街头，披着爱情的外衣获取情报，没有比这个更为浪漫的。颇为反讽的事，故事通过Lenka的口讲出了真相，战争从来没有浪漫，战争就是如此残忍。我们和男女主人公都明白，此时的爱情没有结果的。不免觉得Jan太天真，居然在这当口祈求幸福。然而当我看到Jozef悄悄把Lenka的照片塞进钱包里就明白，这位相对更成熟更心如磐石的勇士也有柔软的心。回想起来，脑海中清晰的记得的一幕，就是Jozef一边刮胡子一边质问Jan，你是来做什么的？确实可笑啊，本该心韧如铁的战士，为何此时会儿女情长。尤其是数子弹那个桥段，当真是有意思。全剧看来，我们以为冷酷铁血看破现实而更为主导行动的Jozef却悄悄萌生了柔软的情感，我们以为优柔寡断到怯懦的Jan在结局却如此英勇热血。大概导演是想通过这样的对照表达的人性的复杂，人因为因为弱点反而更为勇敢，是真正的血肉之躯而非战斗机器吧。 到了刺杀的一刻。万事俱备，枪支失灵。当时还不知结局的我真的有种英雄穷途末路的感慨。不过我很快就惊讶于两位战士的战斗力，灵活躲闪居然能绝境逢生逃了出去。从这时候起叙事节奏加快了很多，依次是捷克抵抗组织对于两位英雄的无条件支持，叛徒的懦弱和卑鄙，严刑拷打下不得不招供的可怜人，以及但求速死不愿泄密的战斗者。故事的高潮是最终最激烈的教堂的枪战。这里比较令人感慨的是一段对话，当Jan知道纳粹德国对于交出刺杀者否则屠杀的威胁，天真的指出愿意去自首以求得平民的安全。而抵抗组织成员则早已看透纳粹的本质，尖锐地指出这毫无疑义。“你是一个战士，你的任务就是战斗到底。造成类人猿行动的结局的，如果要问责，也显然不是你们两位。”理想主义者碰到了坚硬的现实。这个扣动扳机会颤抖的Jan真的成长了，他战斗到了最后。 最终教堂一战令人热泪盈眶。观影前我以为高潮在于刺杀，而事实上真正的故事仿佛在刺杀那一刻才开启。从平淡到高潮一瞬间转换，这种叙事手法上非常强力，一个毫无预料的情节铺展：为了坚守一块注定失去的阵地，他们只将最后一枚子弹留给自己。根本不需要浪费笔墨，导演也无意用悲情配乐来感染观众。一个曾经犹豫的战士已经学会教会别人如何冷静地战斗，一个为了战友能够牺牲一切的战士只能在地下室静静地等候最后一声枪声冷寂下去。随着纳粹的水漫地下攻势，战士们，已经完成了类人猿行动的战士们，与敌人战斗到了最后一刻。7人死守六小时，仅仅这一条历史事实就能说明他们的英勇。人性在极端条件下的测试，居然能达到如此高度，这本身就让人感到激动而啜泣。 其他也没什么好说的，毕竟是历史的剪影，两位战士的塑造尽管尽可能地避免单调，还是无法塑造一个丰满的形象。难能可贵的是导演也用心塑造了两位勇士的成长，为了他们的祖国做一件知其不可而为之的事，就值得这两小时的观影。 另外和情节毫无关系地评论下，Cillian Murphy的颜来演这样一个平常沉稳冷峻彬彬有礼，关键时候敏捷铁血杀敌致果的战士，真的是太意料之外的贴切。

暗杀者最初躲藏于两个布拉格家庭中，之后转往圣济利禄暨圣默多狄大教堂寻求庇护。盖世太保遍寻不着，直到外距的成员卡莱尔·可达被捕，并在100万帝国马克赏金的诱惑下供出当地接应人员的姓名。可达的背叛造成大量庇护家庭遭到袭击。以莫拉维克一家为例，6月17日清晨5点，盖世太保冲进公寓并要他们站在走廊等待。莫拉维克太太被允许去上厕所，旋即服下氰化物自杀。莫拉维克先生则同其儿子阿塔被带往培瑟克宫（Peček Palác），当时盖世太保于捷克之总部。阿塔在里面遭到刑求，更痛苦的是见到母亲的头颅在鱼缸中载浮载沉，最后他无可奈何，言其所知。 党卫队在得知暗杀者所在地后，马上包围了教堂。然而在700多名德国士兵攻坚下，志士们皆奋战至死。其中3名，包括暗杀海德里希的库比兹，在两小时的枪战后，于祷告阁楼中被杀（亦有传闻指出库比兹突围成功，但在逃出后伤重不治）。另外4名则在击退一波党卫队攻势后，全员在地窖内自杀，其中包括盖伯瑟克。整个攻坚过程中，德军动用了烟熏逼出与消防车水攻，却仍无法抓到活口。事后党卫队的伤亡人数众说纷纭，民间传闻14死21伤，党卫队的官方数字为0死5伤。无论如何，志士们以小口径手枪和配备机枪榴弹之德军对峙了两小时，仍属不易。：勾陈一cr

我说：

使用Google浏览器有翻译功能，目测可以翻译后中文可以保持较准确的原意。

A famous person said: history is always similar to be seen in multiple events along the historical river.

So a series of arrows will eventually point to the single event through various facts and documents. This event may be ranged shortly among very short moment or a long historical stage.

This paper will focus on the history from the film ‘Anthropoid’ through investigating and collecting information as to give a clear, equal and unbiased appearance towards every main characters in the film. Additionally, this paper will focus on the eventsappeared in this film.

WWII Europe 1941-1942 Map

Before introducing the event of Operation Anthropoid which is the original event in the film, we should firstly introduce the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia.

Czechoslovakia during 1918-1938

Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was a protectorate of Nazi Germany established on 16 March 1939 following the German occupation of Czechoslovakia on 15 March 1939. Czechoslovakia was firstly demanded to give the control of the Sudetenland to Adolf Hitler in September 1938. And on 26 September 1938, Britain and France ceded control in the Appeasement at the Munich Conference, which was finally known by the world, the Munich Agreement. Additionally, the remainder (“rump”) of Czechoslovakia was invaded and divided into the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and the puppet Slovak State.

Until to the date on 27 September 1941, Reinhard Heydrich, the aim of Operation Anthropoid, was appointed Deputy Reich Protector of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and assumed control of the territory.

Reinhard Heydrich

Due to the reason that Hitler, Himmler, and Heydrich felt the former protector Konstantin von Neurath’s “soft approach” to the Czechs had promoted anti-German sentiment and encouraged anti-German resistance via strikes and sabotage. Upon his appointment, Heydrich told his aides:

We will Germanize the Czeh vermin.

Heydrich came to Prague, the capital of Czech, to enforce policy, fight resistance to the Nazi regime, and keep up production quotas of Czech motors and arms that were “extremely important to the German war effort”. To realize his goals Heydrich demanded racial classification of those who could and could not be Germanized. He explained:

Making this Czech garbage into Germans must give way to methods based on racist thought.

During his rule by terrorizing the population of Protector before the date on December 1941, the date of starting the plan of Operation Anthropoid, Heydrich arrested estimated between 4,000 and 5,000 people. By 3 October 1941, the decision was taken by Czechoslovak military intelligence in London to kill Heydrich. This is the starting date of planning Operation Anthropoid.

Planning Operation

There are several reasons of planning to kill Heydrich. Firstly, he was one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany and an important figure in the rise of Adolf Hitler; he was given overall charge of the Final Solution (Holocaust) of the Jews in Europe. Secondly, killing him can help confer legitimacy on government-in-exile in London, as well as for retribution against Heydrich’s brutally efficient rule. The third reason is that, during the WWII, the resistance was active from the very beginning of occupation in several other countries defeated in open warfare, but the subjugated Czech lands remained relatively calm and produced significant amounts of materiel for Nazi Germany. The purpose of operation is to demonstrated to senior Nazis that they were not beyond the reach of allied forces and the resistance groups they supported. (Maybe this is the reason in the beginning screen that the locals want to sell the two intelligence to the Nazi. Some of the locals in Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia wanted to follow the rule by Nazi German rather than defeating. Another reason of selling was probably the terrorizing control by Heydrich.)

After starting the plan, Czechoslovak intelligence was trained by the British Special Operation Executive (SOE). Preparation began on 20 October 1941. the intelligence was selected from 2,000 exiled Czechoslovak soldiers based in Britain. In the training, one of the intelligence of operation was replaced by another person after the intelligence received a head injury during training. This replacement made the new intelligence named Jan Kubis had not completed training, nor had the necessary false documents been prepared for him. (The potential reason of operation “failure”) Another intelligence was Jozef Gabcik.

Insertion

On 28 December 1941, the intelligence, Gabcik and Kubis landed near the east of Prague and there was a mistaken landing due to the navigation problems of pilots. In Prague, they contacted several families and anti-Nazi organizations who helped them during the preparations for the assassination. Upon learning of the nature of the mission, resistance leaders begged the Czechoslovak government-in-exile to call off the attack, say that:

An attempt against Heydrich’s life... would be of no use to the Allies and its consequences for our people would be immeasurable. Benes, the head of the Czechoslovak government-in-exile in British, personally broadcast a message insisting that the attack go forward, although he denied any involvement after the war. Professor Voitech Mastny, an American historian of Czech descent, argues that

he clung to the scheme as the last resort to dramatize Czech resistance.

Gabcik and Kubis initially planned to kill Heydrich on a train, but after examination of the practicalities, they realized this was not going to be possible.

A second plan was to kill him on forest road that led from Heydrich’s home to Prague. They planned to pull a cable across the road that would stop Heydrich’s car but, after waiting several hours, their commander, Lt. Adolf Opalka who was a member of the Czech sabotage group Out Distance, a WWII anti-Nazi resistance group and a participant in Operation Anthropoid, came to bring them back to Prague.

A third plan was to kill Heydrich in Prague.

The Attack in Prague and Medical Treatment and Death of Heydrich

On 27 May 1942 at 10:30, Heydrich started his daily commute from his home in Paneske Brezany to his headquarters at Prague Castle. Gabcik and Kubis waited at the tram stop at a tight curve near Bulovka Hospital in Prague 8-Liben, where the curve would force the car to slow down. Josef Valcik, member of the Resistance from group Silver A, was positioned about 100 meters north of Gabcik and Kubis as lookout for the approaching car.

Heydrich's green, open-topped Mercedes 320 Convertible B reached the curve two minutes later. As Heydrich's car slowed, Gabčík stepped in front of the vehicle and tried to open fire with his Sten submachine gun, but it jammed and failed to fire. Instead of ordering his driver, SS-Oberscharführer Klein, to speed away, Heydrich called his car to halt and then stood up to shoot Gabčík with his Luger pistol. Kubiš then threw a modified anti-tank grenade (concealed in a briefcase) at the rear of the car as it stopped and its fragments ripped through the car's right rear fender, embedding shrapnel and fibres from the upholstery into Heydrich’s body, upon detonation, wounding him. Kubiš was also injured by the shrapnel.

Another of Heydrich’s Mercedes 320 Convertible B cars, similar to the one in which he was mortally wounded.

Heydrich staggered out of the car, apparently unaware of his shrapnel injuries, with his gun in his hand; Gabčík and Kubiš fired at Heydrich with their Colt M1903 pistols but, themselves shocked by the explosion, failed to hit him. Heydrich then chased Kubiš and tried to return fire. Kubiš jumped on his bicycle and pedaled away. Heydrich ran after him for half a block but became weak from shock and collapsed. Heydrich, still with pistol in hand, gripped his left flank, which was bleeding profusely. He ordered Klein to chase Gabčík on foot, saying "Get that bastard!". Klein chased him into a butcher shop, where Gabčík shot him twice with a pistol, severely wounding him in the leg. Gabčík then escaped in a tram, reaching a local safe house.Gabčík and Kubiš did not know that Heydrich was wounded, and were convinced the attack had failed.

A Sten submachine gun, Gabcik’s gun suffered from failure to feed. Czechoslovak paratroopers often complained about the low reliability of B

Late in the afternoon of 27 May, SS Karl Hermann Frank proclaimed a state of emergency and curfew in Prague. Anyone who helped the attackers was to be executed along their family. A search involving 21,000 men began and 36,000 houses were checked. By 4 June, 157 people had been executed as a result of the reprisals but the assassins had not been found and no information was forthcoming.

A Czech woman went to Heydrich's aid and flagged down a delivery van. He was placed in the back of the van, on his stomach, and taken to the emergency room at Bulovka Hospital. He had suffered severe injuries to his left side, with major damage to his diaphragm, spleen, and one of his lungs. A splenectomy was performed, and the chest wound, left lung, and diaphragm were all debrided.

Himmler ordered another doctor, Karl Gebhardt, to fly to Prague to assume care. Despite a fever, Heydrich's recovery appeared to progress well. Theodor Morell, Hitler's personal doctor, suggested the use of sulfonamide (a new antibacterial drug), but Gebhardt, thinking Heydrich would recover, declined the suggestion. On 2 June, during a visit by Himmler, Heydrich reconciled himself to his fate by reciting a part of one of his father's operas:

The world is just a barrel-organ which the Lord God turns himself. We all have to dance to the tune which is already on the drum.

Heydrich slipped into a coma after Himmler's visit and never regained consciousness. He died on 4 June; an autopsy concluded he died of sepsis which is a life-threatening condition that arises when the body’s response to infection causes injury to its tissues and organs.

Heydrich's assailants hid in safe houses and eventually took refuge in Ss. Cyril and Methodius Cathedral, an Orthodox church in Prague. After a traitor in the Czech resistance betrayed their location, the church was surrounded by 800 members of the SS and Gestapo. Several Czechs were killed, and the remainder hid in the church's crypt. The Germans attempted to flush the men out with gunfire, tear gas, and by flooding the crypt. Eventually an entrance was made using explosives. Rather than surrender, the soldiers killed themselves. Supporters of the assassins who were killed in the wake of these events included the church's leader, Bishop Gorazd, who is now revered as a martyr of the Orthodox Church.

Consequences

Infuriated by Heydrich's deathon 9 June, the decision was made to “make up for his death”, Hitler ordered the arrest and execution of 10,000 randomly selected Czechs. But after consultations with Karl Hermann Frank, he altered his response. The Czech lands were an important industrial zone for the German military, and indiscriminate killing could reduce the region's productivity. Hitler ordered a quick investigation. Intelligence falsely linked the assassins to the towns of Lidice and Ležáky. A Gestapo report stated that Lidice, 22 kilometres (14 mi) north-west of Prague, was suspected as the assailants' hiding place because several Czech army officers, then in England, had come from there and the Gestapo found a resistance radio transmitter in Ležáky.

On 9 June, after discussions with Himmler and Karl Hermann Frank, Hitler ordered brutal reprisals. Beginning on 10 June, all males over the age of 16 in the villages of Lidice and Ležáky were murdered. All the women in Ležáky were also murdered.

All but four of the women from Lidice were deported immediately to Ravensbrück concentration camp (four were pregnant – they were subjected to forced abortions at the same hospital where Heydrich had died and the women were then sent to the concentration camp). Some children were chosen for Germanization, and 81 were killed in gas vans at the Chełmno extermination camp. Both towns were burned and Lidice's ruins were levelled.[140][141] Overall, at least 1,300 Czechs, including 200 women, were killed in reprisal for Heydrich's assassination.

Additionally, under the Hitler’s ordering investigation and reprisals on the very day of the assassination attempt, more than 13,000 were arrested, including intelligence Jan Kubis girlfriend Anna, who subsequently died in the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp. First Lieutenant Adolf Opalka’s aunt Marie Opalkova was executed in the Mauthausen camp on 24 October 1942; his father Viktor Jarolim was also killed. According to one estimate, 5,000 people were murdered in the reprisals.

Furthermore, in the investigation, a deadline was publicly issued to the military and the people of Czechoslovakia for the assassins to be apprehended by 18 June 1942. If they were not caught by then, the Germans threatened to spill far more blood as a consequence, believing that this threat would be enough to force a potential informant to sell out the culprits. Many civilians were indeed weary and fearful of further retaliations, making it increasingly difficult to hide information much longer. The assailants initially hid with two Prague families and later took refuge in Karel Boromejsky Church, an Eastern Orthodox church dedicated to Sts. Cyril and Methodius in Prague. The Germans were unable to locate the attackers until Karel Čurda of the "Out Distance" sabotage group turned himself in to the Gestapo and gave them the names of the team's local contacts for the bounty of one million Reichsmarks which is a currency in Germany.

(Karel Curda was an active Czech Nazi collaborator during WWII. A solider of the Czechoslovak army in exile, he was parachuted into the protectorate in 1942 as a member of the sabotage group Out Distance. After the war, Curda was tracked down and arrested. Curda was found guilty of treason and hanged on 29 April 1947. In the alternative theory from Czech historian Plachy, he gave a different account of Curda’s personality and motives. The immediate aftermath of the assassination put Curda under huge pressure as he knew the Nazis could wipe out his whole family and village, just as they had wiped out Lidce and Lezaky, two villages. However, the problem with this theory is that the massacres in Lidice and Lezaky did not occur until almost a moth after Karel Curda’s betrayal. Thus, his betrayal was mainly due to the rewarding of selling out the names of intelligence agent.)

Čurda betrayed several safe houses provided by the Jindra group, including that of the Moravec family in Žižkov. At 05:00 on 17 June, the Moravec flat was raided. The family was made to stand in the hallway while the Gestapo searched their flat. Marie Moravec was allowed to go to the toilet, where she bit into a cyanide capsule and killed herself. Alois Moravec was unaware of his family's involvement with the resistance; he was taken to the Petschek Palace together with his 17-year-old son Ata, who was tortured throughout the day but refused to talk. The youth was stupefied with brandy, shown his mother's severed head in a fish tank, and warned that, if he did not reveal the information that they were looking for, his father would be next. Ata's strong willpower finally snapped, and he told the Gestapo what they wanted to know. Vlastimil "Ata" Moravec was executed by the Nazis in Mauthausen on 24 October 1942, the same day as his father, his fiancée, her mother and her brother were executed.

Waffen-SS troops laid siege to the church the following day, but they were unable to take the paratroopers alive, despite the best efforts of 750 SS soldiers under the command of SS-Gruppenführer Karl Fischer von Treuenfeld. Kubiš, Adolf Opálka, and Josef Bublík were killed in the prayer loft after a two-hour gun battle. (Kubiš was said to have survived the battle and to have died shortly after from his injuries.) Gabčík, Josef Valcik, Jaroslav Svarc and Jan Hruby committed suicide in the crypt after repeated SS attacks, attempts to force them out with tear gas, and Prague fire brigade trucks brought in to try to flood the crypt. The German SS and police suffered casualties, as well, with 14 SS allegedly killed and 21 wounded, according to one report, although the official SS report about the fight mentioned only five wounded SS soldiers. The men in the church had only small-caliber pistols, while the attackers had machine guns, submachine guns, and hand grenades. After the battle, Čurda confirmed the identity of the dead Czech resistance fighters, including Kubiš and Gabčík.

(Gabcik and the others, with the exception of Kubis, who was seriously wounded by a grenade, committed suicide before the Nazis could take them alive in the Church catacombs.

Jozef Gabcik

Kubis was wounded in the gun battle and died shortly after arrival at the hospital. In revenge, the Nazis murdered 24 family members and close relatives of Jan Kubis in the concentration camp.

Jan Kubis

Adolf Opalka was injured by shrapnel, committed suicide. Shortly after his departure, on his 27thbirthday, Opalka wrote of homesickness:

I'm 27 years old today, the entire trip I pondered upon the words "Longing for home is a terrible thing, I know". Yes, only now do I know and understand. And this "homesickness" of Božena Němcová, which I never understood, is nothing compared to my longing for home. I'm willing to suffer through, and do whatever it takes, but only home and home and to honestly work, work for something... How can some speak of beauty, when they've never seen Rešice and the fields from Kordula to Rešice, who never strolled through the warm dirt there, who never felt the warm air and over the grain fields, who never saw our chapel in the milk of white cherries, Husák's garden, which always reminded me of Sholokhov, especially the dirt lumps under the "vortex" and the "Bare Hill" and all the other places on all of which I am. Parts of me are all over the world. In England, little was left of me, maybe more in Scotland... 27 years of life behind me. Death for my homeland. With that I have dealt, and am ready to do what it takes.

Adolf Opalka

The other agents names are Josef Bublik, Jan Hruby, Josef Valcik and Jaroslav Svarc.)

Crypt of the Church of Saints Cyril and Methodius, Prague.

Crypt of the Church of Saints Cyril and Methodius, Prague.

Bishop Gorazd took the blame for the actions in the church, in an attempt to minimize the reprisals among his flock, and even wrote letters to the Nazi authorities, who arrested him on 27 June 1942 and tortured him. On 4 September 1942, the bishop, the church's priests, and senior lay leaders were taken to Kobylisy Shooting Range in a northern suburb of Prague and shot by Nazi firing squads. For his actions, Bishop Gorazd was later glorified as a martyr by the Eastern Orthodox Church.

Future Aftermath

Heydrich's replacements were Ernst Kaltenbrunner as the chief of RSHA, and Karl Hermann Frank (27–28 May 1942) and Kurt Daluege (28 May 1942 – 14 October 1943) as the new acting Reichsprotektors. After Heydrich's death, implementation of the policies formalised at the Wannsee conference he chaired was accelerated. The first three true death camps, designed for mass killing with no legal process or pretext, were built and operated at Treblinka, Sobibór, and Bełżec. The project was named Operation Reinhard after Heydrich.

文献全部摘自维基百科，由本人筛选和整理，主要出自如下：

Operation Anthropoid from Wikipedia

Reinhard Heydrich from Wikipedia

Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia from Wikipedia

Czechoslovakia from Wikipedia

German occupation of Czechoslovakia from Wikipedia

Lidice massacre from Wikipedia

Jozef Gabčík from Wikipedia

Jan Kubiš from Wikipedia

Adolf Opálka from Wikipedia

Karel Čurda from Wikipedia

看电影的时候忽然之间， 我好像就看到了二战时期的abc，安灼拉可以是约瑟夫，艾潘妮是兰卡，向导公白飞可以是少尉，伽弗洛什是小提琴家。我曾以为的笨手笨脚的马吕斯可能是扬，还有不知名的、会念诗的热安，这里他说：懦夫死去无数次，但勇士只死去一次。

这里似乎没有格朗泰尔，但或许人人都是格朗泰尔，他们质疑自己的牺牲是否有意义，但是他们的太阳神是捷克斯洛伐克，所以他们又说，捷克斯洛伐克不会害怕，于是一个又一个人，说服下一个人拿起了枪。

可是啊，安灼拉你为什么如此理智而无畏呢。你从一开始就声明所有捷克斯洛伐克人都准备好了为国而死，你从一开始就赌上了所有人的性命。你的冷漠，因为你不相信还有光明了么？你不相信这个生活还有值得爱的人了么？还是说，同样的？也许，捷克斯洛伐克是你的爱人。约瑟夫相比之下，少了神性，多了人性，但是他的影子总让我看到你。

马吕斯，这次你战死在了街垒，你的珂赛特她未来如何，你无法陪她走完了。唯有如此，我突然发现我是希望马吕斯活到革命以后的。你期待一个回归正常的生活，你值得，但你没有得到。

然而，然而。你们知道么？因为你们七个人的六个小时，英格兰最终向捷克斯洛伐克伸出了援手。弱国无外交，国家这样等待救援并不光彩，但是那七个人，站着死的为国家永远蒙上了一层光。ABC战死清晨，终于唤醒了巴黎人民。同样的，放哨的三个人没时间去叫醒其他人，但是枪声也唤醒了地下躲避者。从这一刻起，地上的人就没有想过生还，对吧？像街垒一样，这样把自己包围，做困兽殊死一搏。直到交战的枪声最终归于沉寂。

安灼拉和abc的墓地在街垒，你们的墓地在教堂。

街垒和教堂。

我突然发现，最后的最后，主角两个还是没有向叛国者故意开枪，你们在想什么？为什么？人民？是人民么？

你们当然希望他们站在你们这一边，但是又怎能苛求人人？你们是勇敢的，同样也是宽容的。

欣慰的是，历史是也对勇者仁慈的。你们7个和abc相比是幸运的，他们没有成功，但你们阴差阳错完成了刺杀。

我听着人民之歌，写下这些文字。电影像一篇悲惨世界的au，但是明明悲惨世界才是假的。所以啊，安灼拉你说为什么会有这么同类的事情真实发生了。你说啊，为什么这么的悲剧之上还要唱出自由的歌？我应该高兴真的发生了这样的绝唱，还是应该捶胸顿足地含泪呢。

答案是，或许同样的，安灼拉是一种人生状态，并不仅仅是一个角色。约瑟夫的最后一幕，可以是被救赎的肖申克，可以是倒挂街垒的安灼拉，可以是古人，可以是来者。

我想，几百年后，另一个不叫塞尚的咖啡馆，有一群不完全匹配的abc，在做着类似的革命。光是想想，我觉得已经很幸福了。这个我生活的世界，确实有过很多悲伤。但因为你们，和无数个古往今来的你们，它并不悲惨。

我喜欢电影的运镜，和音效，和台词，和主演的演技。既体现了人性，又没弱智主角或者德军。这让带有德国滤镜很久的我想到，德意志其实是一个如此可怕的民族，我已经好久没有这样的寒战了。

近期最佳，10。特作小作文一篇，豆瓣长笔记要是能设成私密就好了。

电影基于历史事实拍摄而成，这儿就顺带着介绍下相关的史实资料以供参考，基本信息来源于维基百科。 刺杀对象，莱因哈德·海德里希（德语：Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich），（1904年3月7日－1942年6月4日），第二次世界大战期间纳粹德国高官，纳粹大屠杀的主要执行者之一，曾任党卫队上级集团领袖及警察总长、国家安全部部长（管辖盖世太保、刑事警察及保安局）及波希米亚和摩拉维亚保护国副总督／执行总督，亦曾担任国际刑警委员会（后改称国际刑警组织）主席，并召开了1942年的万湖会议，制订了犹太人问题的最终解决方案，推动了德占欧洲地区内对犹太人的驱逐和种族灭绝。 许多史学家认为海德里希是纳粹高层中最为黑暗的角色；有“布拉格屠夫”、“波希米亚死神”、“纳粹斩首官”、“第三帝国的黑王子”等恐怖至极的称号，甚至阿道夫·希特勒亦称其为“铁石心肠之人”。海德里希为党卫队保安局创始人，负责通过逮捕、驱逐和谋杀以挫败反纳粹党活动。他参与筹划了“水晶之夜”，于1938年11月9日至10日组织冲锋队及其他平民在纳粹德国全境及奥地利部分地区对犹太人展开袭击，亦为大屠杀的起始事件之一。在抵达布拉格之后，海德里希试图巩固纳粹统治，压迫捷克文化，并大量驱逐和屠杀抵抗运动成员。他亦为别动队的直接负责人——该组织跟随德国军队活动，透过射击及毒气杀害了超过200万人，包括130万犹太人。 【计划】 作战计划由英国特种作战部门（Special Operations Executive, SOE）于1941年10月20日开始筹划准备，代号定名为“猿人”（ANTHROPOID）。 捷克籍陆军准尉约瑟夫·盖伯瑟克（Jozef Gabčík）和上士卡罗·斯弗波达（Karel Svoboda）被选定执行暗杀任务。计划原订于1941年10月28日执行，那天同时也是捷克斯洛伐克的独立纪念日。但斯弗波达在受训时头部受伤，旋即由詹·库比兹（Jan Kubiš）代替。由于这个意外，作战必须延期执行，库比兹也没有时间接受完整训练【这也解释了为什么在电影里一开始库比兹没能开枪并十分紧张，需要盖伯瑟克的辅导和鼓励】。 【潜入】 1941年12月28日晚间十点，盖伯瑟克与库比兹登上英国皇家空军138中队的海利法克斯轰炸机（Handley Page Halifax），同行的尚有七名流亡英国的捷克军人，以及另外两支负责其他任务的小队，分别称为银A（Silver A）与银B（Silver B）。飞机于布拉格东边的内维兹第（Nehvizdy）降落。原始计划的降落地点在皮尔森，但驾驶在判断方位时出了问题，一行人便只好在落地后继续往皮尔森前进。他们在皮尔森与盟军的接应人员取得联络，随后直驱布拉格展开暗杀行动。 作战成员在布拉格接触了一些地下反纳粹组织，得到不少帮助。盖伯瑟克与库比兹一开始想要在火车上刺杀海德利希，但在实地勘察后，他们发现计划并不可行。第二个想法是在海德里希搭车前往布拉格时，在路上或森林中暗杀他。两人在路上拉起缆线，准备拦截海德里希的座车。布置完成数小时后，指挥两人的中尉阿道夫·欧珀卡（Adolf Opálka）驱车前来，出身于捷克地下抗暴组织外距（Out Distance）的他将盖伯瑟克与库比兹带回布拉格，并告知他们作战已变，改采第三计划：在布拉格暗杀海德里希。 【暗杀】 1942年5月27日早上10点30分，海德里希一如往常地从潘内斯科·布列札尼（Panenské Břežany）的住家前往布拉格城堡（Prague Castle）。盖伯瑟克与库比兹在布洛卡医院附近的电车站伺机而动，瓦瑟克（Valčik）则位于两人北方一百米处负责通报情况。当海德里希的敞篷奔驰驶近两人时，盖伯瑟克迅速冲至车前试图开火，然而他的斯登冲锋枪却卡弹了。海德里希于是命其司机，党卫队上士克莱因停车，掏出手枪欲结果盖伯瑟克。

海德里希当时之座车，可看见榴弹破坏了右挡泥板

此时库比兹将改造的反坦手榴弹朝车上猛砸；炸裂的碎片划破右挡泥板，连同座椅碎屑深深嵌入海德里希体内。爆炸后，库比兹受伤逃走，克莱因追了上去。海德里希第一时间未发现自己受伤，仍下车向逃跑的盖伯瑟克开火，但不久即因伤势过重而放弃。克莱因未能追到库比兹，回来后又奉命去追盖伯瑟克，结果被逃跑者用左轮手枪打中两次，失败归来。另一方面，由于未能当场毙命目标，盟军也初步认定作战失败。 海德里希被送往2.5公里外的布洛卡医院，接受了霍堡医师的紧急手术。霍堡出身西里西亚，时为布拉格查理大学外科主席。于一小时内，他处理了右肺部之气胸，移除碎裂的第七根肋骨前端，缝合撕裂之横膈膜，装设导尿管，最后取出卡着手榴弹碎片的脾脏。然而，党卫队首领希姆莱将其私人医师卡尔·盖伯哈特（Karl Gebhardt）送来。手术也因其当日下午的抵达而告一段落。29日后，党卫队的医师团完全接管了海德里希的治疗。术后治疗包括大剂量的吗啡注射，也谣传处方中含有磺胺（sulfanilamides），但盖伯哈特于1947年战犯大审中表示并没有。 在接连七天中，海德里希出现轻微的发烧及伤口流脓，但情况似乎逐渐好转。突然地，他陷入休克状态，更在第八天上午断气。医师团推论可能是伤口感染所致，也可能是脑或肺部的栓塞要了他的命。 后续： 【报复】 希特勒命令党卫队和盖世太保“蹚血翻遍波希米亚”抓到凶手，并想采用残忍的大屠杀作为开端。惟经过讨论后，他将屠杀规模减少至数千人，以维持捷克地区有足够人力投入军事工业。超过1万3000人在这波行动中被逮捕，包括库比兹的女友安娜·玛莉诺娃，她死在茅特豪森-古森集中营（Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp）中。

瓦瑟克的悬赏海报

报纸报导海德里希暗杀事件与宣布戒严，1942年5月28日

利迪策大屠杀，1942年6月

报复行动中最为恶名昭彰的莫过于利迪策事件。希特勒的党卫军第七武装山地师「欧根亲王」师借口利迪策村包庇刺客，导致这个小村庄在1942年6月9日毁灭，199名男性村民被处死、95名幼童被捉走（其中德国家庭领养了8名）、195名女性村民被逮捕。战后，捷克政府在利迪策村修建了墓碑以纪念那些无辜的死难者。利迪策惨案也成为后来国际儿童节的渊源，因为惨案中有88名儿童被杀，而刚出生的婴儿就被强行送到德国家庭收养。 捷克流亡政府并未料到纳粹会做出如此大规模以“集体责任”为借口的血腥报复。但他们也承认就激起捷克人民反抗心而言，这次屠杀算是可接受的代价。温斯顿·丘吉尔在听闻惨剧后大怒，扬言纳粹每毁灭一个捷克村落，同盟国便回敬攻击3个德国村落。而同盟国在事后也未放弃暗杀纳粹高层的计划，猿人作战两年后，他们更大胆地将目标设为阿道夫·希特勒，计划订名为福斯利作战（Operation Foxley），最后遭到取消。因此猿人作战是唯一针对纳粹高层的盟军作战。 其他暗杀作战还有波兰反抗军暗杀纳粹国民政府官员的库切拉作战（Operation Kutschera）、布克尔作战（Operation Bürkl），以及白俄罗斯总长威廉·库彼（Wilhelm Kube）为佣人所暗杀一事。 暗杀者最初躲藏于两个布拉格家庭中，之后转往圣济利禄暨圣默多狄大教堂寻求庇护。盖世太保遍寻不着，直到外距的成员卡莱尔·可达被捕，并在100万帝国马克赏金的诱惑下供出当地接应人员的姓名。可达的背叛造成大量庇护家庭遭到袭击。以莫拉维克一家为例，6月17日清晨5点，盖世太保冲进公寓并要他们站在走廊等待。莫拉维克太太被允许去上厕所，旋即服下氰化物自杀。莫拉维克先生则同其儿子阿塔被带往培瑟克宫（Peček Palác），当时盖世太保于捷克之总部。阿塔在里面遭到刑求，更痛苦的是见到母亲的头颅在鱼缸中载浮载沉，最后他无可奈何，言其所知。 党卫队在得知暗杀者所在地后，马上包围了教堂。然而在700多名德国士兵攻坚下，志士们皆奋战至死。其中3名，包括暗杀海德里希的库比兹，在两小时的枪战后，于祷告阁楼中被杀（亦有传闻指出库比兹突围成功，但在逃出后伤重不治）。另外4名则在击退一波党卫队攻势后，全员在地窖内自杀，其中包括盖伯瑟克。整个攻坚过程中，德军动用了烟熏逼出与消防车水攻，却仍无法抓到活口。事后党卫队的伤亡人数众说纷纭，民间传闻14死21伤，党卫队的官方数字为0死5伤。无论如何，志士们以小口径手枪和配备机枪榴弹之德军对峙了两小时，仍属不易。

圣济利禄暨圣默多狄大教堂的纪念碑

哥拉德主教为了保护教堂的其他人员，将庇护志士的责任一肩扛起，甚至写信向纳粹官方自首，但情势已无法挽回。1942年9月4日，大教堂的所有神父被枪决，而哥拉德主教高贵精神不减，东正教会稍后追封其为殉难者。 【政治后果及其他影响】 英法两国在作战成功后将慕尼黑协议作废，两国政府同意战后苏台德区将回归捷克斯洛伐克。 纳粹官方为海德里希举行了两场大型丧礼。一场在布拉格，往布拉格城堡的路上排满了举着火炬的党卫队队员；另一场在柏林举行，纳粹高官全部出席，希特勒更追赠德意志勋章及血盟勋章。 卡莱尔·可达在1947年被捕，并以叛国罪名处死。 【其他】 1943年的电影刽子手亦死（Hangmen Also Die）和希特勒的狂人（Hitler's Madman）、1964年安特塔（Atentat）、1975年的破晓行动（Operation Daybreak）均以猿人作战为题材。而破晓行动又改编自1966年艾伦·柏吉斯所撰《破晓七勇士》（Seven Men at Daybreak）。 在音乐方面，这段历史启发了摇滚乐团写下美好明日（A Lovely Day Tomorrow）。捷克乐团The Ecstasy of St. Theresa之后以捷克语（Zítra Bude Krásný Den）及英语翻唱此曲，收录于2004年发行，总数1942张的限量纪念CD中。美国超级杀手合唱团所写的SS-3，曲名则来自海德里希的党卫队编号。 斯洛伐克国家博物馆在2007年5月开幕以纪念捷克斯洛伐克境内掀起的，德军占领区中最重要的持续抗暴行动。英国莱明顿镇（捷克自由军驻扎地之一）的杰弗森花园中也设置了一个小喷泉，以缅怀这群流落异乡者的勇敢无惧。